韦伯宗教社会学思想片析
——《儒教与道教》读书报告
伍德裕
韦伯，是当代西方极具影响力的社会科学家之一，是社会学界的顶级大师之一。德国特色的大学制度造就了韦伯的博学多才——当然这跟他个人的努力与天赋有很大的关系——他对社会学、宗教学、政治学、经济学等社会科学甚至连音乐等艺术科学都极有研究，学术涉猎范围很广。思想体现在著作上，他的著作自然也就富含多种学科思想的交杂，意涵十分丰富，学术视野开阔。以前曾读过韦伯的宗教社会学名著《新教伦理与资本主义精神》，书不算厚，但对于学术修养尚浅的笔者来说，读韦伯的书是一件苦差事，一本书往往要仔细阅读几遍才能粗窥全意。这次所看的《儒教与道教》尤觉更难，虽然书中写的大部分都是有关中国的内容，但看起来却似乎有点陌生，韦伯在其书中所描绘的是一幅大不同于我们惯常所见的中国的“历史图像”，这应该是韦伯独特的分析视角所致的吧。
一、韦伯宗教社会学研究概述
韦伯的学术成果中很显耀的是他对宗教社会学的研究，他一生致力于考察世界各宗教的经济伦理观，通过比较、分析来寻求世界各主要民族的精神文化气质与该民族的社会经济之间的内在联系，这一研究以《新教伦理与资本主义精神》开首，接下来陆续写出《儒教与道教》、《印度教与佛教》、《古代犹太教》及未完成的《伊斯兰教》，这一系列著作构成了韦伯的宗教社会学论集，集中体现了韦伯的宗教社会学思想。韦伯的这一宗教社会学研究的目的在于探寻西方资本主义产生的宗教伦理根源。为什么只有在西方才产生了理性的资本主义，是因为西方的科学技术、商业贸易等比较发达吗？那为什么世界其他民族如中国、印度等也曾有过发达的科学技术、有过繁荣的商业贸易等资本主义所赖以发展的物质基础，却未能发展出资本主义呢？韦伯独具慧眼，他认为是宗教伦理在当中起着作用。“各种神秘的和宗教的力量，以及以它们为基础的关于责任的伦理观念，在以往一直都对行为发生着至关重要的和决定性的影响。”#1# 西方之所以产生资本主义的根源在于西方宗教改革后的基督新教的伦理观，他的论据是新教尤其是卡尔文教的“上帝预选说”，该教义宣扬人是否得到救赎取决于上帝的意志，这意志是预定的而且无从获知，人们只有通过努力工作，克制自己的欲望，以工作上的成就来荣耀上帝，并以取得的财富来证明自己受到上帝的恩宠，是上帝所预定的“选民”。这种工作伦理无疑给人们的工作提供了强大的精神动力，创造了强有力的资本主义精神，正是在这种资本主义精神的推动下才造就了西方的资本主义制度。在完成了西方新教伦理的研究之后，韦伯转而研究世界其他主要民族的宗教伦理，他认为这些民族之所以没能发展出资本主义是因为受到了其所信奉的宗教伦理的制约。通过与西方新教伦理的比较，来证明，西方资本主义的产生确得益于基督新教的伦理观。
二、《儒教与道教》部分解读
以上是对韦伯宗教社会学的简单概述，接下来本文将重点放在《儒教与道教》这本书上。《儒教与道教》是韦伯继《新教伦理与资本主义精神》一书之后的研究成果，虽然书是以教派来命名，但是整本书不仅对宗教，对中国的政治、经济、社会、思想、阶层等各方面的问题也都进行了深刻的论述。全书大致分为两部分，前半部分（1~4章）#2#主要描述了中国的经济、政治、社会等各层面的特性，并将之与西方及其他社会的相类层面作比较，这些方面基本是属于对中国与资本主义发展条件有关的物质方面的因素所做的分析。书的后半部分（5~8章）则集中分析了宗教方面的因素，这是对中国与资本主义发展条件有关的精神方面的因素所做的分析。韦伯论述的范围十分广泛，若要对其整本书作评析大概可以著成一本小书了，笔者不欲也无力如此，接下来的文字主要想对韦伯书中儒教部分的分析作一下梳理。
韦伯之所以把对儒教精神的分析放在后头是有其道理的。他在书的前半部分通过对中国古代社会的社会学分析表明：虽然不稳定的货币制度、缺乏自主性的城市、家产制的国家结构、势力强大的氏族组织、实质主义的法律制度等等因素阻碍了中国社会的经济理性化进程，但是在中国的社会结构中也能找到对资本主义发展有利的积极因素，如：中国人具有举世公认的吃苦耐劳的精神、中国的商业行会比许多西欧国家更加强大和自治、十九世纪以来中国人口的巨幅增长、中国人没有基于出身的身份限制及可自由迁徙等。既然在中国社会中同时存在对资本主义发展有利也有弊的物质条件，那么单从物质条件因素分析是无法得出资本主义为什么没在中国产生的结论的，必须从精神层次来着手分析。
1、儒教的社会秩序观及其伦理的此世倾向
儒教作为盛行中国两千余年的正统教派，其所宣扬的伦理观对中国人的精神、思想有很深的影响。儒教的经典里宣扬的基本是入世的俗人的伦理道德。儒教对这个世界的看法是，这个世界中，宇宙秩序是固定的不可违反的，人类所生存于斯的社会秩序不过是这宇宙秩序中的一个，而且可能是最好的一个。儒教肯定这个世界的秩序，俗世中的人所需做的只是去适应这个世界及其秩序与习俗。“只有当人能将一己融入宇宙的内在和谐之中，那么心灵的平衡与帝国的详和方可且当可获得”#3# 俗世中的人应当小心谨慎，克己守礼，抑制由狂欢、极乐的活动所引发的非理性情感，因为那样会对秩序的和谐与平衡造成破坏。
韦伯认为，任何一种以其理性的要求而与世界相对立的宗教都会在某一点上与世界的非理性处于紧张的状态。但是这在儒教中不存在。“中国人的灵魂从未受过先知革命的洗礼，也没有属于个人的祈祷。”#4# 从来未有一个超世的提出伦理要求的上帝作出伦理的预言，因此在中国从未出现与现世的紧张对峙。儒教认为人性本善，其伦理观中从来没有原罪的概念，儒教徒看不到尘世行为与彼世报答、与宗教救赎之间的任何紧张性，因此也就谈不上通过不受纯粹的传统与习俗约束的内在力量去影响生活方式的问题，也谈不上什么救赎的观念。这样就使儒教丧失了对现实世界提出超越要求的内在精神动力。儒教的任务在于适应此世，他们眼中没有清教徒的救赎观念。这使得儒教的伦理观带有一种很强的此世倾向。“中国的宗教——无论其本质为巫术性或祭典性的——保持着一种此世的心灵倾向。”#5# 儒教徒所追求的是“他在此世的命运——为了长寿、为了子嗣、财富，以及在很小的程度上为了祖先的幸福”#6# ，这些是他们此世奋斗的终极目的。与儒教的这种对世界的随和态度相对，清教伦理与世界处在一种强烈而严峻的紧张状态之中。清教徒对超世的上帝负有宗教的义务，在他们的伦理观中都有原罪这个概念，他们认为人在上帝面前无一例外都是堕落的，世界是个罪恶的渊薮，清教徒应该做的是抑制自己的欲望，尽自己的努力辛勤劳作，把自己的职业看成一种天职，改造这个世界。他们只有通过努力工作来荣耀上帝，以自己辛勤劳作所获得的财富来证明自己是上帝的选民，其将在灵魂上获得上帝的救赎。
2、儒教伦理的“担纲者”——士的性格对经济理性的阻碍
韦伯认为宗教的经济伦理观在其发展过程中必然有其社会中的阶层基础，也就是说，宗教伦理都有其“担纲者”。虽然“打造出某一经济伦理之独特面相的决定性阶层，会随着历史的流转而变更。某一阶层的影响力也从来不是完全绝对的。”#7# 但是，“我们通常还是能指出某些阶层，其生活样式对于诸宗教而言，至少是关键的。”#8# 中国的士人阶层便是儒教的担纲者，他们熟读儒家经典，并对世俗的官僚职务抱有很大的兴趣，他们通过科举制度的选拔进入统治阶层而享有政治权力，在社会上享有高度的特权地位。换个角度说，他们之所以能进入统治阶治，是因为他们对于儒教思想的熟谙。因为“惟有精通文献与传统的人，才被认为是够资格在仪式与政治上，正确地指导国内的行政，以及君侯正确的卡理斯玛生活样式的人。” #9#
儒家的教育在于使学生的心灵完全融入经典之中，从经典的陶冶中获得一种内化的理想性格及德行。达到合于经典所要求的圆满与完美，便成了每个儒教徒的最高憧憬。他们只有深入经典之中，通过不断地学习及领悟，在经典的陶冶下使自己的性格及德行臻于完善。在将自己调适于世界的过程里，士人是以一己的修为为目的，而不是以一己为达成某一功能目的之手段。士人认为他们自己是各方通达的能人，因此他们排斥职业的专门化，尤其鄙夷基于追求利得的经济生产上的专业化。士人的这种排斥专门化的立场阻碍了官僚体系功能的专门化，也阻碍了需要专门化的经济企业朝向理性化的发展。
以上两点是笔者在阅读韦伯著作的过程中觉得儒教伦理体系中阻碍资本主义产生最重要的两点制约因素，当然还存在着其它一些因素，如儒教的和平主义性格对政治资本主义发展的阻碍等，相对上述两点来说重要性较小，不再详述。
三、一点小评论
对学术修养尚浅的笔者来说，谈要对学术大师韦伯的著作进行评论似乎有点自不量力，笔者但求在读韦伯的书时面对这么庞杂的分析不致曲解他的思想，并能从中汲取其思想精华就足够了。不过，笔者还是愿意谈谈自己在读书过程中的一些感想。
首先，笔者对韦伯写这本书时所利用的文献资料很感兴趣，他所采用的文献，有些是中国古代经典书籍的外文译版，有些是华裔学者在国外发表的中国研究论文，有些是外国学者或传教士对中国研究的文章，文献资料及其有限。而且，这些文献是否能成为研究中国的可以依靠的资料尚值得怀疑，比如中国古代经典的外文译版是否存在对经典的曲解，外国学者、华裔学者对中国的研究是否是对中国真实情况的反映等。韦伯从未到过中国，他想完成一部对中国经济、政治、宗教等各方面都涉及的大论著，只能“电视转播式”地通过对这些有限的资料的利用来进行其研究，想必难度也不小。他的论著究竟是否基于这些材料的范围之内，还是经过了自己主观的演绎拓展，如果有，会不会产生偏差。
其次，韦伯的著作中似乎洋溢着一种对西方理性主义的“过分”自豪，以至于他甚至觉得中国的象形文字也是一种非理性的东西，只有西方的拉丁字母才是具有理性的——“中国文字一直保留着图像的特色，并未理性化为地中海商业民族所创造出来的拼音字母的形式”#10# 他甚至以为，中国文字在“结构上的异常理性的物质，使得中国的语文无法发展诗与系统性的思维。”#11# ，虽然他罗列了一大些理由，但是我想提出质疑的是，西方的文字既然更具理性，是否意味着它在表达上更具优势——在同样的时间里相对汉字能表达出更多的内容，抑或更易理解，还是语言在表述上更加无懈可击不至引起歧意……我想这些都不至于吧。至于他认为中国的语文无法发展诗与系统性的思维，我就更加无法理解了，否则，中国流传了几千年上百年的古诗词在我们口中读起来是那么的琅琅上口、意境优美，难道只是我们的错觉吗？当然，这些细节与主题似乎关系不大，笔者言此的目的是想问，韦伯的这种对西方理性的主观上的过分自豪感难道不会影响到他对中国情况研究的客观性吗？
注：
#1# 引自 韦伯著 丁晓、陈维纲等译 《宗教社会学导论-新教伦理与资本主义精神》 三联书店1987版 P15；
#2# 第五章士人阶层归入宗教层面分析为宜，因为士人阶层是儒教伦理的“担纲者”；
#3# 引自 韦伯著 康乐、简惠美译《中国的宗教/宗教与世界》 广西师范大学出版社 2004版 P220；
#4# 同上 P208；
#5# 同上 P210；
#6# 同上 P210；
#7# 同上 P463；
#8# 同上 P463；
#9# 同上 P168；
#10# 同上 P185；
#11# 同上 P185。
参考文献：
韦伯著 康乐、简惠美译 《中国的宗教/宗教与世界》 广西师范大学出版社2004版 ；
韦伯著 丁晓、陈维纲等译 《宗教社会学导论-新教伦理与资本主义精神》 三联书店1987版。
工业产品质量责任条例(附英文)
国务院
工业产品质量责任条例(附英文)
1986年4月5日，国务院
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了明确工业产品（以下简称产品）质量责任，维护用户和消费者（以下简称用户）的合法权益，保证有计划的商品经济健康发展，促进社会主义现代化建设，特制定本条例。
第二条 产品质量是指国家的有关法规、质量标准以及合同规定的对产品适用、安全和其它特性的要求。产品质量责任是指因产品质量不符合上述要求，给用户造成损失后应承担的责任。
第三条 国家标准化部门负责制定全国统一的国家标准。国家标准应不低于国际标准水平。国家标准可以分级分等。企业主管部门要规定生产企业达到国家标准最高等级的期限。国家物价部门按标准等级，实行按质论价。
第四条 产品的生产、储运、经销企业必须按照本条例的规定，承担产品质量责任。各部门、各地区，特别是企业主管机关必须对产品质量进行管理，监督有关企业坚持质量第一的方针，保证产品质量，承担质量责任；管理和监督不力的也应承坦连带责任。
第五条 质量监督机构、工商行政管理机关必须对产品质量进行监督，维护用户的利益。
第六条 产品的合格证、说明书、优质标志、认证标志等都必须与产品的实际质量水平相一致。产品广告中关于产品质量的说明，必须符合产品的实际质量。
第七条 所有生产、经销企业必须严格执行下列规定：（1）不合格的产品不准出厂和销售；（2）不合格的原材料、零部件不准投料、组装；（3）国家已明令淘汰的产品不准生产和销售；（4）没有产品质量标准、未经质量检验机构检验的产品不准生产和销售；（5）不准弄虚作假、以次充好、伪造商标、假冒名牌。所有生产、经销企业都不得用搭配手段推销产品。
第二章 产品生产企业的质量责任
第八条 产品的生产企业必须保证产品质量符合国家的有关法规、质量标准以及合同规定的要求。产品的生产企业必须建立严密、协调、有效的质量保证体系，要明确规定产品的质量责任。企业必须保证质量检验机构能独立行使监督、检验的职权；严禁对质量检验人员进行打击报复。
第九条 产品出厂，必须符合下列要求：（一）达到本条例第二条规定的质量要求，有检验机构和检验人员签证的产品检验合格证；（二）根据不同特点，有产品名称、规格、型号、成份、含量、重量、用法、生产批号、出厂日期、生产厂家、厂址、产品技术标准编号等文字说明，限时使用的产品应注明失效时间。优质产品必须有标志；（三）实行生产许可证制度的产品，要有许可证编号、批准日期和有效期限；（四）机器、设备、装置、仪表以及耐用消费品，除符合本条（一）、（二）、（三）项要求外，还应有详细的产品使用说明书。内容包括：产品的技术经济参数、使用寿命、使用范围、保证期限、安装方法、维修方法和保存条件、技术保养检修期以及其它有关产品设计参数的有效数据。电器产品，应附有线路图和原理图；（五）包装必须符合国家有关规定和标准。剧毒、危险、易碎、怕压、需防潮、不装倒置的产品，在内外包装上必须有显著的指示标志和储运注意事项。产品包装上必须注明实际重量（净重和毛重）；（六）使用商标和分级分等的产品，在产品或包装上应有商标和分级分等标记；（七）符合国家安全、卫生、环境保护和计量等法规的要求。
第十条 达不到国家的有关标准规定等级、仍有使用价值的“处理品”，经企业主管机关批准后，方可降价销售，在产品和包装上必须标出显著的“处理品”字样。违反国家安全、卫生、环境保护、计量等法规要求的产品，必须及时销毁或作必要的技术处理，不得以“处理品”流入市场。不得用“处理品”生产和组装用以销售的产品。
第十一条 在产品保证期限内发现质量不符合第二条要求时，根据不同情况，由产品生产企业对用户和经销企业承坦质量责任：（一）产品的一般零部件、元器件失效，更换后即能恢复使用要求的，应负责按期修复；（二）产品的主要零部件、元器件失效，不能按期修复的，应负责更换合格品；（三）产品因设计、制造等原因造成主要功能不符合第二条要求，用户要求退货的，应负责退还货款；（四）造成经济损失的，还应负责赔偿实际经济损失；（五）由维修服务或经销企业负责产品售后技术服务时，生产企业必须按售后技术服务合同，提供足够的备品、备件和必要的技术支援。
第三章 产品储运企业的质量责任
第十二条 承储、承运、装卸企业必须根据国家有关规定和产品包装上标明的储运要求进行储存、运输和装卸。
第十三条 承储、承运企业在产品入库储存或出库、产品承运或交货时，应按照国家有关规定，严格执行交接验收制度，明确质量责任。确属储存、运输、装卸原因造成产品损伤，承储、承运、装卸企业应分别承担责任，按国家有关规定，赔偿经济损失。
第四章 产品经销企业的质量责任
第十四条 经销企业在进货时，应对产品进行验收，明确产品的质量责任。经销企业出售的产品，必须符合本条例第七条、第九条的规定。
第十五条 经销企业售出的产品在保证期限内发现质量不符合第二条的要求时，应由经销企业负责对用户实行包修、包换、包退、承担赔偿实际经济损失的责任。
第五章 产品质量的监督管理
第十六条 各质量监督机构，按照国家有关规定，单独组织或者会同工商行政管理部门、各行业主管部门、企业主管部门，对产品的生产、储运和经销等各个环节实行经常性的监督抽查，并定期公布抽查产品的质量状况。企业必须如实提供抽查样品，并在检测手段和工作条件方面提供方便。除国家已有规定外，质量监督机构抽查产品，不准向企业收费，以保证监督机构的公正性。质量监督机构所需的技术措施费用和检测费用，按实际需要由国家或地方财政拨款解决。各级经济委员会负责对产品质量监督管理工作进行领导和组织协调。
第十七条 各级行业主管部门和企业主管部门负责本行业产品质量的管理工作，其职责是：在授权范围内，制定或参与制定有关产品质量标准以及有关规章制度，负责产品质量的监督管理，督促企业保证产品质量，完善质量保证系统；组织发放生产许可证。
第十八条 对产品质量实行社会性监督。用户可以向产品生产、储运、经销企业提出质量查询；社团组织可以协助用户参与质量争议的调解、仲裁，支持用户向人民法院起诉。
第十九条 用户按双方协议可以派出代表到生产企业对产品生产过程和产品质量进行现场监督。
第六章 产品质量责任争议的处理
第二十条 因产品质量问题发生争议时，有经济合同的，按《经济合同法》的有关规定执行；没有合同的，争议的任何一方都可提请有关的质量监督机构调解处理，也可向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 对产品质量的技术检验数据有争议时，当事人或调解、仲裁机构可委托法定的质量检验单位进行仲裁检验，质量检验单位应对提供的仲裁检验数据负责。
第二十二条 除国家另有规定外，质量责任的仲裁请求和起诉，应从当事人知悉或应当知悉权益受损害之日起一年内提出。产品质量责任方愿意承担责任时，不受时效限制。
第七章 罚 则
第二十三条 企业产品质量达不到国家规定的标准，企业主管机关应令其限期整顿。经整顿仍无效者，企业主管机关应令其停产或转产，直至建议有关主管机关撤销生产许可证，吊销营业执照。在整顿期间，企业主管机关视不同情况，可扣发企业负责人和职工的奖金、工资。
第二十四条 生产、经销企业违反本条例规定，有下列行为之一者，由企业主管机关对企业负责人和直接责任者给以行政处分，由工商行政管理机关没收其全部非法收入，并视其情节轻重，处以相当于非法收入的15％至20％的罚款，直至由司法机关追究法律责任。（一）生产、经销掺假产品、冒牌产品，以“处理品”冒充合格品；（二）生产、经销隐匿厂名、厂址的产品；（三）生产、经销没有产品检验合格证的产品；（四）生产、经销国家已明令淘汰的产品；（五）生产、经销国家实行生产许可证制度而到期未取得生产许可证的产品；（六）生产、经销用不合格原材料、零部件生产或组装的产品；（七）生产、经销违反国家安全、卫生、环境保护和计量等法规要求的产品；（八）经销过期失效产品。罚没收入全部上交国家财政。
第二十五条 有质量监督抽查中发现生产和经销企业有第二十四条中列举的行为时，由质量监督机构按第二十四条规定处理。对于不符合本条例第九条第七项规定的，由质量监督机构监督就地销毁或作必要的技术处理，并令生产、经销企业在限期内追回已售出的不合格产品。违反本条例第八条的规定，对质量检验人员进行打击报复的，或质量监督、检验机构工作人员徇私舞弊的，由有关主管机关给予行政处分；情节特别严重的，依法追究刑事责任。
第二十六条 由于产品的质量责任，造成用户人身伤亡，财产损失，触犯刑律的，由司法机关依法追究当事人的刑事责任。
第二十七条 上述处罚，不免除产品质量责任方对用户承担的产品包修、包换、包退、赔偿实际经济损失的责任。
第八章 附 则
第二十八条 有关主管部门可根据本条例的规定，制定实施细则；进出口商品、军用产品及有特殊要求的产品的质量责任可由有关主管部门参照本条例的原则，另行规定。
第二十九条 本条例适用于所有全民、集体所有制企业，个体工商业经营者以及在中国境内的中外合资、合作、外资企业。
第三十条 本条例授权国家经济委员会负责解释。
第三十一条 本条例自一九八六年七月一日起施行。(附英文)
REGULATIONS ON QUALITY RESPONSIBILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS ON QUALITY RESPONSIBILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
(Promulgated by the State Council on April 5, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
The present Regulations are enacted in order to define the quality
responsibility for industrial products ("products" for short hereinafter),
safeguard the legitimate rights of the customer and consumer ("customer"
for short hereinafter), ensure the healthy development of commodity
economy in a planned way, and promote socialist modernization.
Article 2
"Quality of product" refers to the requirement for the applications,
safety and other properties of the products stipulated in related laws and
regulations, quality standards and contracts.
"Quality responsibility for products" refers to the responsibility that
shall be born due to the product's failure to satisfy the above-mentioned
requirements, which leads to loss on the part of the customer.
Article 3
The national standardization department is responsible for drawing up the
unified national standards. The national standards shall not be lower than
the international standards. National standards may be classified and
graded. The competent authorities responsible for the enterprise shall fix
a time limit for achieving the highest grade of the national standards.
The price department of the Central Government shall fix the prices
according to the grades of standards and implement the principle of "price
according to quality".
Article 4
Those enterprises engaging in the production, storing, transporting and
marketing of the product must, in accordance with the stipulations of the
present Regulations, undertake the quality responsibility for the
products.
The various departments, various localities, especially the competent
authorities for the manufacturer must exercise strict control over the
quality of the products, supervise and see that the manufacturer concerned
abides by the principle of "quality first", with a view to guaranteeing
the quality of product and undertaking quality responsibility. Those
failing to exercise effective control and supervision shall also undertake
liability arising therefrom.
Article 5
Quality-supervision agencies and the industry and commerce administration
departments must keep supervision over the quality of product and protect
the interest of the customer.
Article 6
The quality certificate, manuals, "high-quality" sign and identity sign of
a product must all be in conformity with the actual quality level of the
product. The explanation in the advertisement of the product must conform
to the actual quality of the product.
Article 7
All the manufacturers and the marketing firms must observe strictly the
following rules:
(1) unqualified product is forbidden from being dispatched from the
factory or marketed;
(2) unqualified raw materials and parts and components are not allowed to
be put into production or be used for assembly;
(3) it is forbidden to manufacture the products whose elimination the
State has explicitly ordered;
(4) product without the product-quality standard or without being tested
by the state quality-testing organ is not allowed to be manufactured and
marketed;
(5) it is forbidden to plot frauds, to pass of unqualified product as
qualified, to forge trademarks, or to imitate the famous brand products.
All the manufacturers and marketing firms are not allowed to sell their
products by way of coupling-sale.
Chapter II Quality Responsibility of the Product Manufacturer
Article 8
The manufacturer of the product must make sure that the quality of the
product conforms to the requirements laid down by relevant laws and
regulations, quality standards and stipulations of the contract.
The manufacturer of the product must set up a strict, well-coordinated and
effective quality-guarantee system, with a view to fixing the quality
responsibility for the product in an explicit manner.
The manufacturer must see to it that the quality-inspecting organ can
independently perform its functions of supervision and testing. It is
strictly forbidden to retaliate against the quality inspectors.
Article 9
The product shall not leave the factory unless it satisfies the following
requirements:
(1) achieving the quality requirements stipulated in Article 2 of the
present Regulations, and obtaining the quality certificate of the product
issued by testing organ and testing personnel;
(2) having the written explanation of, according to specific
characteristics, the product's name, size, model, ingredients, the
percentage of the ingredients, weight, direction for applications, lot No.
of production, date of production, name of manufacturer, address of the
manufacturer, and the serial number of the technical specifications of the
said product; explicitly specifying the date of expiry in case of a
product with time limit of efficacy. "High-quality" product must bear the
mark thereof;
(3) having the serial number, date of approval and the term of validity of
the production licence in case of a product manufactured under the
production licence system;
(4) machinery, equipment, devices, apparatus and durable consumer goods,
apart from satisfying the requirements in Items (1), (2) and (3) of this
Article, shall be accompanied with detailed instructions on the use of the
product. The content thereof includes: the product's technical-economic
parameters, service life, range of application, term of guarantee, methods
for installation, methods of maintenance and conditions for storing, term
of technical maintenance and repair, and other effective data concerning
the design parameters of the product. Electric products shall be attached
with the circuit diagram and schematic diagram;
(5) the package must conform to the related state regulations and
standards. As regards the products that are drastically poisonous,
dangerous, fragile, can not be laid on by heavy load, needing protection
against moisture, can not be turned upside down, there must be, on both
the external and interior packing, obvious indication marks and notices
for storing and transportation. On the package of the product, there must
be noted explicitly the actual weights (net and gross);
(6) on the product or the package thereof on which the trademark and
quality classification and grading system is applied, there shall be signs
for the said trademark, classification and grading;
(7) conforming to the requirements of the state laws and regulations
concerning safety, hygiene, protection of environment and measuring.
Article 10
The "substandard" goods that fail to achieve the requirements of the
related state standards, but still have some use value, cannot be marketed
at reduced price until having obtained the approval from the competent
authorities of the manufacturer; and on the package there must be clearly
marked with the words of "substandard goods". Products that fail to meet
the requirements of the state laws and regulations concerning safety,
hygiene and environmental protection and measuring must be destroyed or
undergo necessary technical treatment in good time. They are not allowed
to enter the market in the name of "substandard goods".
"Substandard goods" are not allowed to be used to manufacture or assemble
market-oriented products.
Article 11
Within the guarantee period of the product, in case of the quality found
out of line with the requirements stipulated in Article 2, the
manufacturer shall, according to the following different circumstances,
undertake the quality liability to the customer and marketing firm:
(1) the common part or component loses efficacy and therefore, after being
replaced, the performance can immediately be restored; in this case, the
manufacturer shall be responsible for replacing with qualified parts or
components and for restoring the normal performance;
(2) in case that the main part or competent of the product has lost the
efficacy and cannot be repaired within the set period, the manufacturer
shall be responsible for replacing with qualified products;
(3) in case the major function fails to satisfy the requirements of
Article 2 due to such causes as designing and manufacture, if the customer
requires to return the goods, the manufacturer shall refund;
(4) in case of economic loss caused by the quality faults, the
manufacturer shall also compensate for the actual loss;
(5) if maintenance and repair service or marketing firm responsible for
the aftersale technical service, so required and manufacturer must,
according to the contract of aftersale service, supply sufficient standby
products, spare parts and necessary technical support.
Chapter III Quality Responsibility of Enterprises for Storing or Transporting the Product
Article 12
The enterprises which undertake to store, transport, load or unload the
products must conduct the work of the storing, transportation, loading and
unloading in compliance with the relevant state stipulations and the
storing-transporting requirements indicated on the package of the product.
Article 13
In the course of the product entering the warehouse for storing or leaving
the warehouse, undertaking to transport the product or handing over the
product, the enterprise that stores or transports the product shall
observe the pertinent state stipulations and the storing-trans-system of
handing-over and checking before acceptance, so as to define the quality
responsibility. In case it has been testified that the damage of the
product is due to the cause of storage, transport or loading and
unloading, the enterprises which store, transport or load and unload the
product shall bear their respective liabilities and, according to related
government regulations, compensate for the economic loss.
Chapter IV Quality Responsibility of the Marketing Firm of the Product
Article 14
When laying in a stock of merchandise, the marketing firm shall, before
acceptance, test the product, so that the quality responsibility can be
clearly defined. The products sold by the marketing firm must conform to
the requirements stipulated in Articles 7 and 9 of the present
Regulations.
Article 15
In case the product sold by the marketing firm is found not up to the
conditions stipulated in Article 2 within the period of guarantee, the
marketing firm shall be responsible for guaranteed repairing, replacement,
taking back the product and refunding, and undertaking the responsibility
of compensating for the actual economic loss.
Chapter V Supervision and Control over the Quality of Product
Article 16
The various quality-supervising agencies shall, in accordance with the
relevant regulations of the state, organize independently, or together
with the industry and commerce administrative authorities, the responsible
departments of the various trades, and the responsible departments of the
various manufacturers, regular supervisional sample-checking on the
various links such as manufacture, storing, transportation, and marketing,
and regularly publicize the result of the testing of the samples.
Enterprises must honestly furnish the samples for checking and provide
facilities with respect to the testing means and working conditions.
Unless otherwise stated in state regulations, it is not allowed for the
quality-supervising agencies to collect fees from the enterprises for
sample-checking on the product, so as to guarantee the impartiality of the
supervising agencies. The expenses needed for the technical means and
measures and for the test by the quality-supervising agencies shall be
covered by the state or local financial allocations according to the
actual needs.
The economic commission at various levels are responsible for leadership,
organization and coordination of the supervision and control over product
quality.
Article 17
Responsible departments of the trades and responsible departments for the
enterprises at various levels are responsible for the control over the
quality of products in the respective trades within their authorization,
which covers: formulating or taking part in the formulation of the quality
standards for the products in their respective areas of responsibility and
the pertinent rules and regulations, being responsible for supervision and
control over the quality of products, urging the enterprises to ensure the
quality of product, perfecting the quality guaranteeing system, and
organizing the issuance of production licences.
Article 18
Exercise social supervision over the quality of product. The customer can
make inquiries about the quality of the product at the manufacturer, the
enterprises for storing and transporting, and the marketing firms; and the
social associations and organizations can help the customers participate
in the mediation, arbitration over quality disputes, and support the
customers to file lawsuits with the people's court.
Article 19
The customer can, according to the mutual agreement between the customer
and manufacturer, send his representative to the manufacturer to conduct
on-the-spot-supervision over the process of the production and the quality
of the product.
Chapter VI Settlement of Disputes over Quality Responsibility for the Product
Article 20
Any dispute arising from the quality of product shall, provided there is
an economic contract, observe the relevant stipulations in the Economic
Contract Law. In the absence of such contracts, either party to the
dispute can refer the dispute to a relevant quality-supervising agency for
mediation or settlement, or take the case to the people's court.
Article 21
In case of any dispute over the data of technical testing of the quality
of product, the party concerned or the mediating or arbitrating agencies
can entrust legally designated quality-testing unit for arbitral testing;
and the said quality testing unit shall be responsible for the data of the
arbitral testing.
Article 22
Unless otherwise stipulated by the government, the request for arbitration
or prosecution over quality responsibility shall be raised within one year
from the date the party concerned is aware of or should be aware of his
interest and rights being damaged. Where the party bearing the quality
responsibility for the product is willing to bear the responsibility, it
is not limited by the term of validity.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 23
Where the product of an enterprise fails to reach the state-stipulated
standards, the competent authoritative department of the said enterprise
shall order the enterprise to rectify production within a fixed period.
Where the said rectification within the fixed period turns out to be of no
effect, the competent authoritative department of the said enterprise
shall order it to stop production or switch over to a new line of
products, or even suggest that the relevant authorities revoke the
production licence and the business licence. In the period of
rectification, the competent authoritative department responsible for the
said enterprise may, according to different circumstances, deduct the
bonus and wages of the executive members of the enterprise and of the
staff and workers.
Article 24
Where the manufacturer or marketing firm has committed one of the
following acts in violation of the stipulations of the present
Regulations, the authoritative department responsible for the enterprise
or firm shall mete out disciplinary punishment to the responsible persons
of the enterprise and to the persons bearing direct responsibility; and
the industry and commerce administrative organ shall confiscate all the
illegal income, and impose on it a fine equivalent to 15% to 20% of the
illegal income according to the degree of seriousness of the case; or even
the legal liabilities shall be fixed by the judicial organs through due
investigation.
1. manufacture or market adulterated product or imitated product, or pass
off "substandard" product as qualified;
2. manufacture or market products without indicating the name and address
of the manufacturer;
3. manufacture or market products without quality certificate;
4. manufacture or market products of which the State has issued explicit
order for their elimination;
5. manufacture or market the products on which the State adopts the system
of production licence, but fails to renew the said production licence
after its expiry;
6. manufacture or market products manufactured or assembled with
unqualified raw materials, parts or components;
7. manufacture or market products in violation of the requirements
stipulated by state laws and regulations concerning safety, hygiene,
environmental protection and measuring;
8. market products which have passed the expiry date.
The incomes collected from fines shall be handed to the state treasury.
Article 25
In the course of sample-check on quality supervision, in case it is found
that the manufacturer or marketing firm has committed the act(s) listed in
Article 24, the quality-supervising agency shall treat the case according
to the stipulation in Article 24. As regards the product not in conformity
to the provision of Item (7) of Article 9 of the present Regulations, the
product shall be destroyed on the spot by the quality-supervising agency
or be given the necessary technical treatment; and the manufacturer and
the marketing firm shall be ordered to recover within the given time all
the substandard products that have already been sold.
In case of violation of the stipulations in Article 8 of the present
Regulations, or retaliation against quality-testing personnel, or the
working personnel in quality-supervising and quality-testing agencies act
wrongly out of personal consideration, the responsible authoritative
department shall mete out disciplinary punishment. As regards those of
extraordinary seriousness, criminal liabilities shall be investigated and
fixed according to law.
Article 26
Where the poor quality of the product has resulted in the injury or death
of the customer, and in his loss of property, hence violating the criminal
code, the judicial organs shall investigate and fix the legal liability of
the party concerned.
Article 27
The above-mentioned penalty does not acquit the party bearing the quality
responsibility of its responsibility for the guaranteed repair,
replacement, recovering the product with the money already paid, and the
compensation for the actual economic loss to the customer(s).
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 28
The relevant responsible authorities may, in line with the provisions of
the present Regulations, work out the implementing details. The quality
responsibility regulations for import & export products, for goods with
military application as well as goods for special requirements, the
relevant authorities may, with reference to the principles of the present
Regulations, enact separate specific regulations.
Article 29
The present Regulations apply to all enterprises with ownership by the
whole people, enterprises with ownership by the collective, individual
industrial and commercial operators as well as the Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, and foreign-capital
enterprises.
Article 30
The State Economic Commission is authorized to interpret the present
Regulations.
Article 31
The present Regulations shall go into force on July 1st, 1986.
